Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency, Type I

Other Names: Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency, CLAD, LAD-I
Affected Genes: ITGB2
Inheritance: Autosomal Recessive
Mutation: chr31:38537012 (canFam3): G>C
Breed(s): Irish Red and White Setter, Irish Setter, Irishdoodle

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Common Symptoms

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, type I is an inherited immunodeficiency disorder. Affected dogs have abnormal white blood cell (leukocyte) activity which results in a severely impaired immune system. Dogs usually develop symptoms shortly after birth and have recurrent infections throughout life. Symptoms include infections of the umbilicus, skin, bones, lungs and uterus as well as gingivitis, impaired wound healing, enlarged lymph nodes and low body weight. On blood work, affected dogs have persistently elevated white blood cell counts (leukocytosis). Without treatment puppies die within a few weeks of age. Even when treated with antibiotics, affected dogs will typically die by 6 months of age as a result of the recurrent and severe infections.

Testing Tips

Genetic testing of the ITGB2 gene will reliably determine whether a dog is a genetic Carrier of leukocyte adhesion deficiency, type I. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, type I is inherited in an Autosomal Recessive manner in dogs meaning that they must receive two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the disease. In general, carrier dogs do not have features of the disease but when bred with another carrier of the same Mutation, there is a risk of having affected pups. Each pup that is born to this pairing has a 25% chance of inheriting the disease and a 50% chance of inheriting one copy and being a carrier of the ITGB2 gene mutation. Reliable genetic testing is important for determining breeding practices. In order to eliminate this mutation from breeding lines and to avoid the potential of producing affected pups, breeding of known carriers to each other is not recommended. Dogs that are not carriers of the mutation have no increased risk of having affected pups.

There may be other causes of this condition in dogs and a normal result does not exclude a different mutation in this gene or any other gene that may result in a similar genetic disease or trait.

References

  • Kijas JM, Bauer Jr. TR, Gafvert S, Marklund S, Trowald-Wigh G, Johannisson A, Hedhammar A, Binns M, Juneja RK, Hickstein DD, Andersson L. A Missense mutation in the beta-2 integrin gene (ITGB2) causes canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency. Genomics. 1999 Oct 1;61(1):101-7. [PubMed: 10512685]
  • Kijas JM, Juneja RK, Gafvert S, Andersson L. Detection of the causal mutation for canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD) using pyrosequencing. Anim Genet. 2000 Oct;31(5):326-8. [PubMed: 11105214]
  • Renshaw HW, Davis WC. Canine granulocytopathy syndrome: an inherited disorder of leukocyte function. Am J Pathol. 1979 Jun;95(3):731-44. [PubMed: 453331]
  • Verfaillie T, Verdonck F, Cox E. Simple PCR-based test for the detection of canine leucocyte adhesion deficiency. Vet Rec. 2004 June 26;154(26):821-3. [PubMed: 15260444]